Sample and Hold Circuits: Basic S/H circuit, effect of charge injection, compensating for charge injection, bias dependency, bias independent S/H. D/A Converter – General considerations, Static non-idealities and Dynamic nonidealities; Current-steering DAC – Binary weighted DAC, Thermometer DAC, Design issues, Effect of Mismatches. A/D converter – General considerations, static and dynamic non-idealities. Flash ADC – Basic architecture, Design issues, Comparator and Latch, Effect of non-idealities, Interpolative and Folding architectures. Successive Approximation ADC; Pipeline ADC. Over sampling ADC – Noise shaping, Sigma-Delta modulator.